You cannot use the developer (debugged) version of the app's IPA to submit to Google Play. You have to create a production (released) version of the app's IPA by creating a distribution certificate instead of a development certificate.
Follow the same set of steps for creating the developer version of the app's IPA. The only different is that when you select Certificates, IDs & Profiles, you need to select Production instead of Development and then click of the Plus (+) icon to create a new IPA.
In the screen that appears, select App Store and Ad Hoc.
Once you create the Certificates and the app, you can use it in PhoneGap Build to REBUILT a Production version of the app.